Human Anatomy and Physiology aims to equip Learners with the ability to understand the fundamental concepts of human anatomy and physiology. Learners can recognise the structure and functions of cells, tissues, organs and major body systems and relate these to normal body functioning, growth, development and health. Upon successful completion, Learners have an informed awareness of the importance of anatomical and physiological knowledge to nutrition, wellbeing and careers within the health and related professions.
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
- Definitions of anatomy and physiology
- Levels of structural organisation in the human body
- Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems
- Anatomical terminology, body planes and body cavities
- The relationship between structure and function in the human body
Organisation of the Human Body
- The major organ systems of the body
- General functions of each body system
- Interdependence of body systems in maintaining health
- Overview of body systems relevant to nutrition, growth and wellbeing
Cells and Tissues
- Basic structure and function of human cells
- Cell membranes, movement of substances and cellular activity
- Cell division, growth and repair
- Types and functions of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
- The role of tissues in body maintenance and normal function
Homeostasis
- The concept of homeostasis
- Internal environment and regulation of body conditions
- Feedback mechanisms, including negative feedback
- The importance of homeostasis for health and survival
- Examples of homeostatic control relevant to nutrition and hydration
The Skeletal System
- Structure and functions of the skeleton
- Classification of bones
- Growth, development and repair of bone
- Joints and movement
- The importance of minerals and nutrition for bone health
The Muscular System
- Types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth and cardiac
- Structure and function of skeletal muscle
- Muscle contraction in outline
- The role of muscles in posture, movement and heat production
- Factors influencing muscular health and function
The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
- Composition and functions of blood
- Structure and function of the heart
- Blood vessels and circulation
- Pulmonary and systemic circulation
- The lymphatic system and immune support
- Transport of oxygen, nutrients and waste products in the body
The Respiratory System
- Structure and functions of the respiratory system
- Mechanism of breathing
- Gas exchange in the lungs
- Transport of respiratory gases
- The relationship between respiration, energy release and health
The Digestive System
- Structure and functions of the digestive tract
- Mechanical and chemical digestion
- Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
- Functions of the liver, pancreas and gall bladder
- The digestive system in relation to nutrient utilisation and health
The Urinary System and Fluid Balance
- Structure and functions of the urinary system
- Formation and excretion of urine
- Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
- The role of the kidneys in maintaining internal balance
- Hydration and normal physiological function
The Nervous System and Special Senses
- Organisation of the nervous system
- Functions of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
- Nerve impulses and communication
- Basic structure and function of the special senses
- The role of the nervous system in coordination and regulation
The Endocrine System
- Nature and functions of hormones
- Major endocrine glands and their roles
- Hormonal regulation of growth, metabolism and reproduction
- Interaction between the endocrine and nervous systems
- Endocrine control relevant to appetite, energy balance and stress
The Reproductive System, Growth and Development
- Structure and functions of the male and female reproductive systems
- Human growth and development across the life course
- Basic stages of reproduction, pregnancy and foetal development
- Physiological changes during adolescence and adulthood
- The relevance of anatomy and physiology to maternal and child health
Body Defence and Health
- Non-specific and specific defence mechanisms
- Basic functions of the immune system
- Interactions between body systems in protecting health
Applied Human Anatomy and Physiology
- Relationship between anatomy, physiology and nutrition
- Effects of age, sex and lifestyle on body structure and function
- Basic physiological responses to physical activity, rest and stress
- Common examples of imbalance in body systems
- Application of anatomical and physiological knowledge in health-related study and practice
Example Candidate Response Booklet
Example Candidate Response (ECR) Booklets are a source of crucial information for Centres and Candidates as they use real candidate responses. We ask Senior Examiners to comment on five or more responses in terms of why the mark was awarded with commentary about how to improve the answer (if necessary).
